In addition, waveguide integrated optics is based on electromagnetic waveguiding at optical frequencies using thin-film optics. For wavelengths smaller than a certain value, say around 0.1 μm, overcoming large absorption and scattering losses becomes a priority since the smaller wavelength range imposes limitations on the practical use of waveguiding. There is a possible need for much smaller sources that can be used to achieve the requirement of integrated optics in order to integrate with other applications. Initially, gas laser and solid-state lasers were used as the light sources in early experiments. The range of laser frequencies available and the types of material used have their limitations. The term integrated optics relates to a wide variety of structures where the propagation of light is controlled by a thin dielectric film or by strips of dielectric. Light propagation in thin films has been proposed and developed extensively since then. The potential importance of integrated optics was not fully realised until 1968. The design will be used as basic building block for designing a more complex PhC structures that exhibit high-quality factors for applications such as filtering, DWDM and sensors. The results are then compared with the actual measured results showing a significant agreement between them. This approach uses time-dependent Maxwell equation to cover wide frequency range in a single simulation. We have modelled a photonic crystal cavity using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach. In this chapter, we will discuss a fundamental background of photonic crystal cavities mainly on one-dimensional (1D) structures, which are the simplest as compared to their counterparts, 2D and 3D PhC device structures. A strong optical confinement provided by PhC structures makes it possible to realise the compact device on a single chip.
The maturity of silicon photonic can also be incorporated with CMOS chips making it a desired material. Silicon on insulator (SOI) is one of the main contenders due to its high-index contrast between the silicon (Si) core waveguide with silica (SiO2) cladding surrounding it.
One of the solutions is by realising photonic crystal (PhC) structures that exhibit high-quality factors in a small mode volume, V. In recent years, many researchers have shown their interest in producing a compact high-performance optical chip that is useful for most telecommunication applications.
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